Many Hindu leaders resented the entry of Muslim masses into Congress politics and started Hindu fundamentalist movements. After the short-lived Hindu-Muslim unity of the Khilafat Movement and Non-cooperation days, communal tension began to mount once again. This resulted in frequent and deadly riots. An important factor responsible for the deterioration of Hindu-Muslim relations was the birth at Banaras in 1923 of the Hindu Mahasabha, a militant Hindu organization, under the leadership of Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya. It started as a socio-religious movement but soon became a full-fledged political party. Its main objectives could be summed up in two words: Shuddhi and Sangathan, which meant the forcible conversion of all Muslims to Hindusim and organizing the Hindus against the Muslims. It professed to work for the complete annihilation of Islam in the Sub-continent. Lala Hardyal, a typical representative of this school of thought, openly declared, “the future of the Hindu race of Hindustan and of Punjab rests on these four pillars:

"The Muslims”, according to Lala Hardyal, "could continue to live in India, on the condition that they call themselves Muhammadi Hindus.” It thus became evident that the programme of Hindu Mahasabha ruled out any compromise and conciliation between the Muslims and Hindus.

In the opinion of many observers the difference between the two organizations (Congress and Mahasabha) was one of methods and not of ideology. Both of them reflected Hindu mind and Hindu aspirations. The only difference between them, was that the Hindu Mahasabha was crude in utterances and brutal in action while the Congress was polite and politic. It was in response to these Hindu organizations that the Muslims organized Tabligh & Tanzeem (awareness & discipline among Muslims) to counter the onslaught of Hindu Mahasaba. This again refuted the glimpse of the Two-Nation theory.